In this case, one cannot represent when win, loss, and draw match independently. The reason is that a fuzzy set representing uncertainty exists in the attributes using single-valued membership. Neutrosophy leads to an entire family of novel mathematical theories with an overview of not only classical but also fuzzy counterparts. In 1995, the theory of neutrosophical logic and sets was proposed by Smarandache (1995, 1998). It is unable to represent the indeterminacy independently. In this section, a problem is developed that the FSs represents acceptation, rejection and uncertain parts via a single-valued membership defined in. The theory of fuzzy sets was introduced at the earliest by Zadeh (1965) for dealing with the uncertainty that exists in given datasets. Azeddine Elhassouny, in Neutrosophic Set in Medical Image Analysis, 2019 1 Introduction Otherwise, the conclusion is drawn that there is little difference between the two samples.įlorentin Smarandache. If it is within the region, the conclusion is drawn that the hypothesis is inappropriate, and that sample A is considered to be different from sample B. Finally, it is determined whether the calculated value of u is located within the rejection region or not. The absolute value of the testing variable u is calculated with the formula of the u-test. From this, a rejection region for the hypothesis is derived. A hypothesis is made here that the expectation values of the two samples (such as A and B) is equal at a specified confidence level. When the population variance is unknown and the number of samples is relatively large (which is the case in this study, such as comparison on different road categories), especially with more than 30 samples, the U-test is an appropriate test method according to the study in Ref. In this study, the statistical u-test is used for result validation. Xiao-Yun Lu, in Advances in Intelligent Vehicles, 2014 6.2.2 Comparative Analysis Method Finally, it can be seen that implementing the method directly in the synthesis step is possible, and that allows designing HEN by considering simultaneously a main objective (energy consumption or cost) and disturbance rejection ability. It deserves to be mentioned that the static result cannot guarantee the desirable dynamic performance, and a dynamic study is required to confirm the solution found by the method. The case study had shown the applicability of the method, they can reach optimal result quickly and efficient since only in static calculation is required. A physical distance method is used to reject the potential inverse response and compare the response time of various bypass selections. The method proposed an indicator DoU to represent the maximum disturbance rejection region over utility consumption, it can be used to compare the operability of different HENs, and select preferable exchangers to control HEN. The work provides a new method to select bypass during HENs synthesis, considering the simultaneous disturbance analysis and prediction of dynamic performance with pure static calculation. Assaad Zoughaib, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2019 4 Conclusion Hypothesis tests can also be evaluated using risk functions (see Decision Theory: Classical), as in Hwang et al. The theory of most powerful tests shows how to construct best tests under a variety of conditions (see Lehmann 1986 or Casella and Berger 2001, Chap. Many other types of evaluations of test can be done. The smaller the p-value the stronger the sample evidence that H 1 is true. The p-value for the sample point x is the smallest value of α for which this sample point will lead to rejection of H 0 (see Significance, Tests of).īecause rejection of H 0 using a test with small size is more convincing evidence that H 1 is true than rejection of H 0 with a test with large size, the interpretation of p-values goes in the same way. Typically, not one but an entire class of tests are constructed, a different test being defined for each value of α. If α is small, the decision to reject H 0 is fairly convincing, but if α is large, the decision to reject H 0 is not very convincing because the test has a large probability of incorrectly making that decision.Īnother way of reporting the results of a hypothesis test, one that is data dependent, is to report the p-value. The size of the test carries important information. One method of reporting the results of a hypothesis test is to report the size (sup θ∈Θ 0 P θ( X∈ R)), α, of the test used and the decision to reject H 0 or accept H 0. Where Z is a standard normal random variable.Īfter a hypothesis test is done, the conclusions must be reported in some statistically meaningful way.
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